科普知识一般可分为自然科学和人文科学。
自然科学主要研究自然界的物质形态、组成、结构、性质和运动规律，包括数学、物理学、化学、天文学、气象学等基础科学和农业科学、生物学、医学、材料科学等实用科学。这类文章主要介绍各类学科中的新观点、新发明、新发现、新技术及其应用，以及各种科学现象及某些领域的研究发展动态。文章涉及许多有关动植物特征及行为研究、科学试验、科学饮食、科学发明等话题内容。
1. nature [ ] n. 自然
2. substance [ ] n. 物质
3. form [ ] n. 形式，表现形态 v. 形成
4. solid [ ] adj. 固体的；实心的
5. liquid [ ] adj. 液体的
6. component [ ] n. 成分；组成部分
7. ingredient [ ] n. 成分；要素
8. feature [ ] n. 特征
9. property [ ] n. 性质；财产
10. texture [ ] n. 质地；结构
11. acidic [ ] adj. 酸性的
12. basic [ ] adj. 碱性的
13. neutral [ ] adj. 中性的
14. mineral [ ] n. 矿物质
15. material [ ] n. 材料
16. nylon [ ] n. 尼龙
17. plastic [ ] n./adj. 塑料（的）
18. fiber [ ] n. 纤维
19. compound [ ] n. 化合物 [ ] v. 混合；妥协
20. function [ ] n. 功能
21. physics [ ] n. 物理
22. device [ ] n. 装置
23. satellite [ ] n. 卫星
24. atmosphere [ ] n. 大气；气氛
1. biology [ ] n. 生物学
2. cell [ ] n . 细胞
3. creature [ ] n. 生物
4. diversity [ ] n. 多样性
5. insect [ ] n. 昆虫
6. neuron [ ] n. 神经元
7. tissue [ ] n. 组织
8. organ [ ] n. 器官
9. hormone [ ] n. 荷尔蒙，激素
10. nutrition [ ] n. 营养
11. protein [ ] n. 蛋白质
12. intake [ ] n. 摄取
13. absorb [ ] v. 吸收
14. absorption [ ] n. 吸收
15. hypothesis [ ] n. 假设
16. conduct [ ] v. 指挥；引导
17. experiment [ ] n. 实验
18. laboratory [ ] n. 实验室
19. suspect [ ] v. 猜想 [ ] n. 嫌疑犯
20. observe [ ] v. 观察
21. spot [ ] v. 发现
22. technique [ ] n. 技术
23. application [ ] n. 应用
1. chemist [ ] n. 化学家
2. chemistry [ ] n. 化学
3. organic [ ] n. 有机物 adj. 有机的
4. element [ ] n. 元素；成分
5. dissolve [ ] v. 溶解
6. expose [ ] v. 暴露
7. weather [ ] v. 风化
8. medication [ ] n. 医药
9. abuse [ ] n./v. 滥用
10. misuse [ ] n./v. 误用
11. overuse [ ] n./v. 过量使用
12. surgery [ ] n. 外科手术
13. symptom [ ] n. 症状
14. poisonous [ ] adj. 有毒的
15. disorder [ ] n. 紊乱；疾病
16. agriculture [ ] n. 农业
17. fertile [ ] adj. 肥沃的
18. fertilizer [ ] n. 肥料
人文科学类文章通常也会以说明文或议论文的形式出现，文章整体难度适中。
人文科学是以人的心理世界作为研究内容的学系，它是以人的生存价值和生存意义为研究主题的学科。在研究调查的过程中，科学家会使用对照等策略对实验对象进行研究，以解释生活中出现的常被忽略的问题。
1. perception [ ] n. 感知
2. sensation [ ] n. 感觉
3. psychology [ ] n. 心理学
4. phenomenon [ ] n. 现象
5. symptom [ ] n. 症状
6. hypothesis [ ] n. 假设
7. picture [ ] v. 想象
8. investigate [ ] v. 调查；研究
9. research [ , ] v./n. 调查；研究
10. survey [ , ] v./n. 调查
11. inspect [ ] v. 检查
12. detect [ ] v. 侦查；察觉
13. comparison [ ] n. 比较
14. spot [ ] v. 认出
15. recognize [ ] v. 认出
16. monitor [ ] v. 监视
17. participant [ ] n. 参与者
18. colleague [ ] n. 同事
19. subject [ ] n. 实验对象
20. sample [ ] n. 样本，样品
21. category [ ] n. 种类
22. factor [ ] n. 因素
23. explanation [ ] n. 解释，说明
24. indicate [ ] v. 表明
25. distinguish [ ] v. 区别
26. neglect [ ] v. 忽略
27. overlook [ ] v. 忽视
28. proof [ ] n. 证明，证据
29. data [ ] n. 数据
30. statistics [ ] n. 统计数据
31. convincing [ ] adj. 使人信服的
32. judgment [ ] n. 判断
33. similarity [ ] n. 相似，类似
33. distinction [ ] n. 差别，对比
People diet to look more attractive. Fish diet to avoid being beaten up, thrown out of their social group, and getting eaten as a result. That is the fascinating conclusion of the latest research into fish behavior by a team of Australian scientists.
The research team has discovered that subordinate fish voluntarily diet to avoid challenging their larger competitors.“In studying gobies we noticed that only the largest two individuals, a male and female, had breeding（繁殖）rights within the group,”explains Marian Wong.“All other group members are nonbreeding females, each being 5-10% smaller than its next largest competitor. We wanted to find out how they maintain this precise size separation.”
The reason for the size difference was easy to see. Once a subordinate fish grows to within 5-10% of the size of its larger competitor, it causes a fight which usually ends in the smaller goby being driven away from the group. More often than not, the evicted fish is then eaten up.
It appeared that the smaller fish were keeping themselves small in order to avoid challenging the boss fish. Whether they did so voluntarily, by restraining how much they ate, was not clear. The research team decided to do an experiment. They tried to fatten up some of the subordinate gobies to see what happened. To their surprise, the gobies simply refused the extra food they were offered, clearly preferring to remain small and avoid fights, over having a feast.
The discovery challenges the traditional scientific view of how boss individuals keep their position in a group. Previously it was thought that large individuals simply used their weight and size to threaten their subordinates and take more of the food for themselves, so keeping their competitors small.
While the habits of gobies may seem a little mysterious, Dr. Wong explains that understanding the relationships between boss and subordinate animals is important to understanding how hierarchical（等级的）societies remain stable.
The research has proved the fact that voluntary dieting is a habit far from exclusive to human.“As yet, we lack a complete understanding of how widespread the voluntary reduction of food intake is in nature,”the researchers comment.“Data on human dieting suggests that, while humans generally diet to improve health or increase attractiveness, rarely does it improve long-term health and males regularly prefer females that are fatter than the females' own ideal.”
65. When a goby grows to within 5-10% of the size of its larger competitor, it ______.
A. faces danger
B. has breeding rights
C. eats its competitor
D. leaves the group itself
66. The underlined words“the evicted fish”in Paragraph 3 refer to ______.
A. the fish beaten up
B. the fish found out
C. the fish fattened up
D. the fish driven away
67. The experiment showed that smaller fish ______.
A. fought over a feast
B. went on diet willingly
C. preferred some extra food
D. challenged the boss fish
68. What is the text mainly about?
A. Fish dieting and human dieting.
B. Dieting and health.
C. Human dieting.
D. Fish dieting.
1. It appeared that the smaller fish were keeping themselves small in order to _____（避免）challenging the boss fish. Whether they did so _____（自愿地）, by _____（限制）how much they ate, was not clear. The research team decided to do an experiment. They tried to _____（使变胖）some of the _____（下级的）gobies to see what happened. To their surprise, the gobies simply refused the extra food they were offered, clearly preferring to remain small and avoid fights, over having a feast.
2. The discovery challenges the traditional scientific view of how boss individuals keep their position in a group. Previously it was thought that large individuals simply used their weight and size to threaten their subordinates and take more of the food for themselves, so keeping their competitors small.
译： _________________________
1. diet [ ] v. 节食 n. 饮食；节食
2. *fascinating [ ] adj. 迷人的
*fascinate [ ] v. 使……入迷
*fascination [ ] n. 魅力
3. *subordinate [ ] adj. 下级的
4. *voluntarily [ ] adv. 自愿地
volunteer [ ] n. 志愿者
5. individual [ ] n. 个体
6. precise [ ] adj. 精确的
exact [ ] adj. 准确的
7. *evict [ ] v. 驱逐
8. *restrain [ ] v. 限制
9. *feast [ ] n. 盛宴；宴会 v. 享乐
10. *previously [ ] adv. 先前地
11. *mysterious [ ] adj. 神秘的
mystery [ ] n. 神秘
12. *hierarchical [ ] adj. 按等级划分的
hierarchy [ ] n. 等级制度
13. *exclusive [ ] adj. 独有的 ；排外的；唯一的
14. *intake [ ] n. 吸入
take in v. 吸收，欺骗
absorption [ ] n. 吸收
Once a subordinate fish grows to within 5-10% of the size of its larger competitor, it causes a fight [which usually ends in the smaller goby (being driven away from the group)].
［分析］ which...group修饰fight；being...group的受动者为goby。
［翻译］ 一旦低级鱼长到与其上级鱼类的体型差异在5%到10%以内时，就会引起战争，而结果通常是小的虾虎鱼被群体驱逐。
To their surprise, the gobies simply refused the extra food (they were offered), clearly preferring to remain small and avoid fights, over having a feast.
［分析］ they were offered修饰food。
［翻译］ 让他们惊讶的是，低级鱼完全拒绝提供给他们的额外食物，显然它们更愿意保持小的体型以避免战斗，而不是饱食一顿。
“Data on human dieting suggests that, [(while humans generally diet to improve health or increase attractiveness, rarely does it improve long-term health) and (males regularly prefer females that are fatter than the females' own ideal)].”
［分析］ while...ideal是suggested的内容；while...health和males...ideal并列。
［翻译］ “但是人类节食的数据表明，人类节食通常是为了促进健康或增加吸引力，但很少能保证长期的健康，并且男性一般希望女性能够比她们理想的那样再胖一点。”
人类节食是为了看上去更有吸引力，而鱼类节食是为了避免挨打、被群体抛弃、甚至最终被吃掉。这是一队澳大利亚科学家在对鱼类行为作出最新的研究之后得出的有趣结论。
该研究小组发现，低级鱼类自愿节食以避免挑战强大的竞争者。“在对虾虎鱼的研究中我们发现，只有最大的两个个体——一雄一雌——在种群中有繁殖的权利，”Marian Wong解释道，“群体中其他所有成员都是不能繁殖的雌性，每一级都比其上一级小5%到10%。我们想知道它们是如何保持这种精确的体型差异的。”
体型差异的原因显而易见。一旦低级鱼长到与其上级鱼类的体型差异在5%到10%以内时，就会引起战争，而结果通常是小的虾虎鱼被群体驱逐。通常情况下，被驱逐的鱼随后就会被吃掉。
小鱼保持较小的体型似乎就是为了避免挑战大鱼。我们并不清楚它们是不是自愿地通过限制自己的食量来保持较小的体型。研究小组决定做一个实验，他们试图养肥一些低级鱼，看看会有什么事情发生。让他们惊讶的是，低级鱼完全拒绝提供给它们的额外食物，显然它们更愿意保持小的体型以避免战斗，而不是饱食一顿。
这个发现对于大的个体如何保证它们在群体中的地位的传统观点是个极大的挑战，以前的观点认为大的个体只是利用自身的体重和体型来威胁低级鱼，从而为自己获得更多的食物，这样它们的竞争者就会保持较小的体型。
尽管虾虎鱼的习惯看上去可能有些神秘，Wong博士解释道，理解种群中大动物与小动物之间的关系对于我们理解如何保持等级社会关系的稳定至关重要。
这项研究证明了这样一个事实：自愿节食并非人类独有的习惯。“尽管我们还没有彻底明白天生自愿减少食物吸收的现象有多么广泛，”研究人员评论道，“但是人类节食的数据表明，人类节食通常是为了促进健康或增加吸引力，但很少能保证长期的健康，并且男性一般希望女性能够比她们理想的那样再胖一点。”
68. 答案： D
解析： 易错选项为A（鱼的节食和人的节食），本文重点在于对鱼类节食的研究，只是简单地与人类节食进行对比，而非两者都是重点，故答案选D（鱼的节食）。
Next time a customer comes to your office, offer him a cup of coffee. And when you're doing your holiday shopping online, make sure you're holding a large glass of iced tea. The physical sensation（感觉）of warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise decisions—those are the practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A. Bargh.
Psychologists have known that one person's perception（感知）of another's“warmth”is a powerful determiner in social relationships. Judging someone to be either“warm”or“cold”is a primary consideration, even trumping evidence that a“cold”person may be more capable. Much of this is rooted in very early childhood experiences, Bargh argues, when babies' conceptual sense of the world around them is shaped by physical sensations, particularly warmth and coldness. Classic studies by Harry Harlow, published in 1958, showed monkeys preferred to stay close to a cloth“mother”rather than one made of wire, even when the wire“mother”carried a food bottle. Harlow's work and later studies have led psychologists to stress the need for warm physical contact from caregivers to help young children grow into healthy adults with normal social skills.
Feelings of“warmth”and“coldness”in social judgments appear to be universal. Although no worldwide study has been done, Bargh says that describing people as“warm”or“cold”is common to many cultures, and studies have found those perceptions influence judgment in dozens of countries.
To test the relationship between physical and psychological warmth, Bargh conducted an experiment which involved 41 college students. A research assistant who was unaware of the study's hypotheses（假设）, handed the students either a hot cup of coffee, or a cold drink, to hold while the researcher filled out a short information form. The drink was then handed back. After that, the students were asked to rate the personality of“Person A”based on a particular description. Those who had briefly held the warm drink regarded Person A as warmer than those who had held the iced drink.
“We are grounded in our physical experiences even when we think abstractly,”says Bargh.
51. According to Paragraph 1, a person's emotion may be affected by ______.
A. the visitors to his office
B. the psychology lessons he has
C. his physical feeling of coldness
D. the things he has bought online
52. The author mentions Harlow's experiment to show that ______.
A. adults should develop social skills
B. babies need warm physical contact
C. caregivers should be healthy adults
D. monkeys have social relationships
53. In Bargh's experiment, the students were asked to ______.
A. evaluate someone's personality
B. write down their hypotheses
C. fill out a personal information form
D. hold coffee and cold drink alternatively
54. We can infer from the passage that ______.
A. abstract thinking does not come from physical experiences
B. feelings of warmth and coldness are studied worldwide
C. physical temperature affects how we see others
D. capable persons are often cold to others
55. What would be the best title for the passage?
A. Drinking for Better Social Relationships
B. Experiments of Personality Evaluation
C. Developing Better Drinking Habits
D. Physical Sensations and Emotions
Psychologists have known that one person's _____（感知）of another's“warmth”is a powerful determiner in _____（社会关系）. Judging someone to be either“warm”or“cold”is a primary consideration, even trumping evidence that a“cold”person may be more capable. Much of this is _____（扎根于）very early childhood experiences, Bargh argues, when babies' _____（概念的）sense of the world around them is _____（塑造）by physical _____（感觉）, particularly warmth and coldness. Classic studies by Harry Harlow, published in 1958, showed monkeys preferred to stay close to a cloth“mother”_____（而不是）one made of wire, even when the wire“mother”carried a food bottle. Harlow's work and later studies have led psychologists to _____（强调）the need for warm _____（肢体接触）from caregivers to help young children _____（成长为）healthy adults with _____（正常的）social skills.
1. *sensation [ ] n. 感觉
*sensible [ ] adj. 明智的
sensitive [ ] adj. 敏感的
*consensus [ ] n. （意见等）一致
2. lesson [ ] n. 经验
3. *perception [ ] n. 感知；观念
4. *trump [ ] v. 胜过
5. *conceptual [ ] adj. 概念的
concept [ ] n. 概念
6. shape [ ] v. 塑造 n. 形状
7. stress [ ] v. 强调
emphasize [ ] v. 强调
emphasis [ ] n. 强调
8. *hypothesis [ ] n. 假设
9. rate [ ] v. 评价 n. 比率
evaluate [ ] v. 评价
10. *briefly [ ] adv. 短暂地
11. ground [ ] v. 困住
12. *abstractly [ ] adv. 抽象地
abstract [ ] adj. 抽象的
13. *alternatively [ ] adv. 两者择一地
Harlow's work and later studies have led psychologists to stress the need for warm physical contact (from caregivers) to help young children grow into healthy adults (with normal social skills).
［分析］ from caregivers修饰contact，并非与to搭配；with...skills修饰adults。
［翻译］ Harlow的发现以及之后的研究使心理学家强调看护人需要给予孩子身体上温暖的接触，这种接触帮助孩子成为具有正常社会技能的健康成年人。
下次再有顾客来你办公室，给他端一杯咖啡。当你在假日网上购物时，确保你拿着一大杯冰茶。身体上的温暖会让你的心里感到温暖，而手拿冷饮会避免你做出不明智的决定。这些都是心理学家John A. Bargh从最近的研究中得出的实际经验。
心理学家已经得知，一个人对另一个人温暖的感知在人际关系中是一个强有力的决定因素。判断某个人是“冷”还是“暖”是一个最基本的考量因素，它的重要性甚至超过了“冷”的人可能会更有能力的说法。Bargh认为，这一观点主要是来源于一个人在婴幼儿时期的经历，在那时，婴儿对周围世界概念性的认知是由其身体的感知，尤其是“冷暖”，塑造出来的。Harry Harlow在1958年发表他的经典研究时表明，猴子比较喜欢待在布做的“母亲”身旁而不喜欢待在铁丝做成的“母亲”身旁。甚至于当铁丝做成的“母亲”携带一个装有食物的瓶子时，猴子也不屑一顾。Harlow的发现以及之后的研究使心理学家强调看护人需要给予孩子身体上温暖的接触，这种接触帮助孩子成为具有正常社会技能的健康成年人。
感知“冷暖”在社会判断中似乎是普遍存在的。尽管并没有在世界范围内做过此类的研究，Bargh认为将人描述为“暖”或“冷”对许多文化而言是普遍的，并且在几十个国家进行的研究表明，这些感知影响着人们的判断力。
为了测试人的生理温暖和心理温暖之间的关系，Bargh对41名大学生进行了一项实验。当研究人员填写一张简短的信息表时，一位对这项研究的假设并不知情的研究助理给一些学生递了一杯热咖啡，给另一些学生递了一杯冷饮。
饮料收回之后，学生们被要求在特定描述的基础上对“人物A”进行性格评估。结果相比拿冷饮的学生，那些拿过热饮的学生认为“人物A”给人一种更温暖的感觉。“甚至当我们在进行抽象思考时，也会受到身体经验的禁锢。”Bargh说道。
People from East Asia tend to have more difficulty than those from Europe in distinguishing facial expressions—and a new report published online in Current Biology explains why.
Rachael Jack, University of Glasgow researcher, said that rather than scanning evenly（均匀的）across a face as Westerners do, Easterners fix their attention on the eyes.
“We show that Easterners and Westerners look at different face features to read facial expressions,”Jack said.“Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and neglect（忽略）the mouth.”
According to Jack and her colleagues, the discovery shows that human communication of emotion is more complex than previously believed. As a result, facial expressions that had been considered universally recognizable cannot be used to reliably convey emotion in cross-cultural situations.
The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral. They compared how accurately participants read those facial expressions using their particular eye movement strategies.
It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than did Westerners.“The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of cultural difference in facial expressions,”Jack said.“Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion, Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less.”
In short, the data show that facial expressions are not universal signals of human emotion. From here on, examining how cultural factors have diversified these basic social skills will help our understanding of human emotion. Otherwise, when it comes to communicating emotions across cultures, Easterners and Westerners will find themselves lost in translation.
66. The discovery shows that Westerners ______.
A. pay equal attention to the eyes and the mouth
B. consider facial expressions universally reliable
C. observe the eyes and the mouth in different ways
D. have more difficulty in recognizing facial expressions
67. What were the people asked to do in the study?
A. To make a face at each other.
B. To get their faces impressive.
C. To classify some face pictures.
D. To observe the researchers' faces.
68. What does the underlined word“they ”in Paragraph 6 refer to?
A. The participants in the study.
B. The researchers of the study.
C. The errors made during the study.
D. The data collected from the study.
69. In comparison with Westerners, Easterners are likely to ______.
A. do translation more successfully
B. study the mouth more frequently
C. examine the eyes more attentively
D. read facial expressions more correctly
70. What can be the best title for the passage?
A. The Eye as the Window to the Soul
B. Cultural Differences in Reading Emotions
C. Effective Methods to Develop Social Skills
D. How to Increase Cross-cultural Understanding
The researchers studied cultural differences in the _____（辨认）of facial expressions by recording the _____（眼球运动）of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of _____（表情丰富的）faces and put them into _____（种类）: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, _____（厌恶的）, angry, or _____（中立的）. They compared how accurately participants _____（读懂）those facial expressions using their particular eye movement _____（策略）.
1. distinguish [ ] v. 区别
2. *evenly [ ] adv. 均匀地
even [ ] adj. 平均的；公平的
3. *whereas [ ] conj. 然而
4. *universally [ ] adv. 普遍地
universal [ ] adj. 普遍的；宇宙的
5. *recognizable [ ] adj. 可认识的；可辨别的
*recognition [ ] n. 识别，辩认；承认
6. *reliably [ ] adv. 可靠地
reliability [ ] n. 可靠性
rely on 依靠；依赖
7. category [ ] n. 种类
8. disgusted [ ] adj. 厌恶的
9. *neutral [ ] adj. 中立的 n. 中立者
10. *strategy [ ] n. 策略
11. significantly [ ] adv. 较大地 ；有意义地
significant [ ] adj. 有意义的
significance [ ] n. 重要性
12. *diversify [ ] v. （使）多样化
*diverse [ ] adj. 不同的；多种多样的
*diversity [ ] n. 多样性
13. *participant [ ] n. 参与者
participate in 参与
14. *attentively [ ] adv. 留意地
The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people (while they observed pictures of expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral).
［分析］ while...neutral作时间状语从句。
［翻译］ 研究者们记录了13位西方高加索人和13位东亚人对富有表情的面部图片进行观察时的眼球运动，并将它们分为以下几类：高兴、悲伤、惊讶、惊恐、厌恶、生气或者中立，以此来研究表情识别中的文化差异。
来自东亚的人在辨别面部表情方面比欧洲人要困难一些。网上的一篇新刊登在《现代生物学》杂志上的报告解释了原因。
Glasgow大学的研究者Rachael Jack说，不像西方人会均匀观察一个人的脸那样，东方人将注意力放在对方的眼睛上。
Jack说：“我们的调查显示，东方人和西方人通过观察不同的面部特征来解读面部表情。西方人辨别面部表情的时候既会看眼睛也会看嘴部，然而东方人却更喜欢观察人的眼睛而忽略嘴部。”
根据杰克和他的同事的发现，人类的情感交流比之前人们认为的要复杂得多。结果，之前被人们一致认可的面部表情在跨文化交际的语境中却不能够用来十分可靠地传达人们的情感。
研究者们记录了13位西方高加索人和13位东亚人对富有表情的面部图片进行观察时的眼球运动，并将它们分为以下几类：高兴、悲伤、惊讶、惊恐、厌恶、生气或者中立，以此来研究表情识别中的文化差异。他们比较了参与者是如何使用特定的眼球运动策略来准确地解读那些面部表情的。
结果证明东方人更关注眼部表情的变化，并且会比西方人犯更多的错误。“眼球运动所体现出的文化差异很有可能反映了面部表情上的文化差异。”杰克说，“我们的数据表明西方人会用整张脸来传达表情，而东方人则更多使用眼睛，较少使用嘴部。”
简而言之，数据表明，面部表情在表达人类表情方面并不是普遍公认的信号。自此，调查文化因素如何使基本的社交技能多样化将有利于人们理解人类情感交流。除此之外，当涉及跨文化的情感交流时，东方人和西方人都会对翻译不同的表情感到困惑。
The term“multitasking”originally referred to a computer's ability to carry out several tasks at one time. For many people, multitasking has become a way of life and even a key to success. In fact, some excellent mental aerobic exercises（大脑训练）involve engaging the brain in two or more challenging activities at a time. Although checking e-mail while talking on a phone and reading the newspaper may be second nature for some people, many times multitasking can make us less productive, rather than more. And studies show that too much multitasking can lead to increased stress, anxiety and memory loss.
In order to multitask, the brain uses an area known as the prefrontal cortex（前额叶脑皮层）. Brain scans of volunteers performing multiple tasks together show that as they shift from task to task, this front part of the brain actually takes a moment of rest between tasks. You may have experienced a prefrontal cortex“moment of rest”yourself if you've ever dialed（拨电话）a phone number and suddenly forgotten who you called when the line is answered. What probably occurred is that between the dialing and the answering, your mind shifted to another thought or task, and then took that“moment”to come back. Research has also shown that for many volunteers, job efficiency（效率）declines while multitasking, as compared to when they perform only one task at a time.
Multitasking is easiest when at least one of the tasks is habitual, or requires little thought. Most people don't find it difficult to eat and read the newspaper at the same time. However, when two or more attention-requiring tasks are attempted at one time, people sometimes make mistakes.
We often don't remember things as well when we're trying to manage several details at the same time. Without mental focus, we may not pay enough attention to new information coming in, so it never makes it into our memory stores. That is one of the main reasons we forget people's names—even sometimes right after they have introduced themselves. Multitasking can also affect our relationships. If someone checks their e-mail while on the phone with a friend, they may come off as absent-minded or disinterested. It can also cause that person to miss or overlook key information being passed on to them.
49. Why are some mental aerobic exercises designed to engage people in multitasking?
A. To make them more productive.
B. To reduce their stress and anxiety.
C. To develop their communication skills.
D. To help them perform daily tasks more easily.
50. According to Paragraph 2, why may a person suddenly forget who he has called?
A. He may have his prefrontal cortex temporarily damaged.
B. He is probably interrupted by another task.
C. He is probably not very familiar with the person he has called.
D. He may need a rest between dialing and speaking.
51. People tend to make mistakes when ______.
A. they perform several challenging tasks at a time
B. new messages are processed one after another
C. their relationships with others are affected
D. the tasks require little thought
52. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Multitasking has become a way of life.
B. Multitasking often leads to efficiency decline.
C. Multitasking exercises need to be improved.
D. Multitasking enables people to remember things better.
1. The term“_____”（多任务）originally _____（指的是，涉及）a computer's ability to carry out several tasks at one time. For many people, multitasking has become a way of life and even a key to success. In fact, some excellent mental _____（大脑训练）involve _____（使…从事）the brain in two or more _____（有挑战性的）activities at a time. Although checking e-mail while talking on a phone and reading the newspaper may be second nature for some people, many times multitasking can make us less _____（多产的）, rather than more. And studies show that too much multitasking can _____（导致）increased stress, _____（焦虑）and memory _____（丧失）.
2. We often don't remember things as well when we're trying to manage several details at the same time. Without mental focus, we may not pay enough attention to new information coming in, so it never makes it into our memory stores. That is one of the main reasons we forget people's names—even sometimes right after they have introduced themselves. Multitasking can also affect our relationships. If someone checks their e-mail while on the phone with a friend, they may come off as absent-minded or disinterested. It can also cause that person to miss or overlook key information being passed on to them.
译： _________________________
1. refer [ ] v. 指的是；参考
refer to 指的是；参考
look up 查（字典）
2. *engage [ ] v. 从事；订婚
engage in 从事
3. *productive [ ] adj. 多产的
4. scan [ ] v. 扫描
look through 浏览
5. *shift [ ] v. 切换
6. *multiple [ ] adj . 多种多样的
7. *efficiency [ ] n. 效率
8. *habitual [ ] adj. 习惯的
9. *absent-minded [ ] adj. 心不在焉的
10. *disinterested [ ] adj. 不感兴趣的；公平的
11. overlook [ ] v. 忽视
*neglect [ ] v. 忽视
ignore [ ] v. 忽视
You may have experienced a prefrontal cortex“ moment of rest” yourself [if you've ever dialed a phone number and suddenly forgotten (who you called) (when the line is answered)].
［分析］ if...answered是条件状语从句；who you called是forgotten的宾语从句；when...answered是forgotten的时间状语从句。
［翻译］ 如果你拨了一个电话号码，但当电话接通的时候却突然忘记你打给的是谁，那么你可能亲历了前额叶脑皮层的“休息”时刻。
“多任务”这个词原指计算机一次处理多项任务的能力。对于许多人来说，多任务已成为一种生活方式，甚至是成功的关键。事实上，一些优秀大脑训练就包含了让大脑一次从事两个或更多的具有挑战性的活动。虽然一边检查电子邮件，一边打电话、读报纸可能是某些人的第二天性，但是很多时候多任务会导致我们产出率降低，而并非提高。而研究表明，过多的多任务会导致更多的压力、焦虑，令记忆力丧失。
为了能执行多个任务，大脑会用到一个名为前额叶脑皮层的区域。对执行多重任务的志愿者进行脑扫描的结果显示，由于他们在各个工作任务间相互切换，大脑前半部分其实是在任务切换期间有片刻休息的。如果你拨了一个电话号码，但当电话接通的时候却突然忘记你打给的是谁，那么你可能亲历了前额叶脑皮层的“休息”时刻。这可能是由于在拨号和接听之间，你的思想切换到了另一个想法或任务，“休息”片刻之后，你的思想又回来了。研究还显示对于许多志愿者来说，与一次仅完成一项任务的情况相比，完成多任务时的工作效率会有所降低。
当其中至少有一项任务是习惯使然，或者不需要太多思考的时候，多任务是最容易执行的。大多数人觉得一边吃东西一边看报纸并不困难。然而，一次做两个或更多需要集中注意力的任务时，人们有时就会犯错。
当我们试图同时掌控多个细节的时候，我们常常会忘记事情。如果精神不集中，我们或许就不会充分注意到新信息的出现，所以新信息永远不会进入我们的记忆库。这是我们会忘记一个人名字的主要原因之一，甚至有时就在他们刚做完自我介绍之后。多任务还会影响我们的关系。如果有人在检查电子邮件的同时还在和朋友通电话，他们可能会表现得漫不经心或不感兴趣。多任务还可能导致这个人错过或忽视传递给他的关键信息。
50. 答案： B
解析： 根据题干“suddenly forget”定位到原文第二段：You may have experienced a prefrontal cortex“moment of rest”yourself if you've ever dialed（拨电话）a phone number and suddenly forgotten who you called when the line is answered. What probably occurred is that between the dialing and the answering, your mind shifted to another thought or task , and then took that“moment”to come back. 意为：如果你拨了一个电话号码，但当电话接通的时候却突然忘记你打给的是谁，那么你可能亲历了前额叶脑皮层的“休息”时刻。这可能是由于在拨号和接听之间，你的思想切换到了另一个想法或任务，“休息”片刻之后，你的思想又回来了。所以答案为B。
51. 答案： A
解析： 根据题干“make mistakes”定位到原文第三段：However, when two or more attention-requiring tasks are attempted at one time, people sometimes make mistakes . 意为：然而，一次做两个或更多需要集中注意力的任务时，人们有时会犯错。因此答案选A。
The 2012 London Olympics had enough problems to worry about. But one more has just been added—a communications blackout caused by solar storms.
After a period of calm within the Sun, scientists have detected the signs of a flesh cycle of sunspots that could peak in 2012, just in time for the arrival of the Olympic torch in London.
Now scientists believe that this peak could result in vast solar explosions that could throw billions of tons of charged matter towards the Earth, causing strong solar storms that could jam the telecommunications satellites and interact links sending live Olympic broadcast from London.
“The Sun's activity has a strong influence on the Earth. The Olympics could be in the middle of the next solar maximum which could affect the functions of communications satellites,”said Professor Richard Harrison, head of space physics at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Oxfordshire.
At the peak of the cycle, violent outbursts called coronal mass ejections（日冕物质抛射）occur in the Sun's atmosphere, throwing out great quantities of electrically-charged matter.“A coronal mass ejection can carry a billion tons of solar material into space at over a million kilometres per hour. Such events can expose astronauts to a deadly amount, can disable satellites, cause power failures on Earth and disturb communications,”Professor Harrison added. The risk is greatest during a solar maximum when there is the greatest number of sunspots.
Next week in America, NASA is scheduled to launch a satellite for monitoring solar activity called the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), which will take images of the Sun that are 10 times clearer than the most advanced televisions available.
The Rutherford Appleton Laboratory helped to make the high-tech cameras that will capture images of the solar flares（太阳耀斑）and explosions as they occur.
Professor Richard Holdaway, the lab's director, said that the SDO should be able to provide early warning of a solar flare or explosion big enough to affect satellite communications on Earth.“If we have advance warning, we'll be able to reduce the damage. What you don't want is things switching off for a week with no idea of what's caused the problem,”he said.
72. The phrase“communications blackout ”in Paragraph 1 most probably refers to ______ during the 2012 Olympics.
A. the extinguishing of the Olympic torch
B. the collapse of broadcasting systems
C. the transportation breakdown in London
D. the destruction of weather satellites
73. What can be inferred about the solar activity described in the passage?
A. The most fatal matter from the corona falls onto Earth.
B. The solar storm peak occurs in the middle of each cycle.
C. It takes several seconds for the charged matter to reach Earth.
D. The number of sunspots declines after coronal mass ejections.
74. According to the passage, NASA will launch a satellite to ______.
A. take images of the solar system
B. provide early warning of thunderstorms
C. keep track of solar activities
D. improve the communications on Earth
75. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A. Solar Storms: An Invisible Killer
B. Solar Storms: Earth Environment in Danger
C. Solar Storms: Threatening the Human Race
D. Solar Storms: Human Activities to Be Troubled
1. At the _____（顶峰）of the cycle, violent _____（迸发）called coronal mass ejections occur in the Sun's atmosphere, throwing out great _____（数量）of electrically-charged matter.“A coronal mass ejection can carry a billion tons of solar material into space at over a million kilometres per hour. Such events can _____（暴露）astronauts to a _____（致命的）amount, can disable satellites, cause power failures on Earth and disturb communications,”Professor Harrison added. The risk is greatest during a solar maximum when there is the greatest number of sunspots.
2. Now scientists believe that this peak could result in vast solar explosions that could throw billions of tons of charged matter towards the Earth, causing strong solar storms that could jam the telecommunications satellites and interact links sending live Olympic broadcast from London.
译： _________________________
1. *blackout [ ] n. 断电；（广播的）中断
2. *peak [ ] n. 顶峰 v. 达到顶峰
3. *explosion [ ] n. 爆炸
*explosive [ ] adj. 爆炸（性）的
explode [ ] v. 爆炸
4. *charged [ ] adj. 荷电的
charge [ ] n. 收费；管理；充电
in (the) charge of（由…）管理
5. *outburst [ ] n. 迸发
6. *ejection [ ] n. 喷射
eject [ ] v. 喷射
*erupt [ ] v. （火山等）喷发
reject [ ] v. 拒绝
inject [ ] v. 注射
project [ ] v. 投射 n. 计划
7. expose [ ] v. 暴露
*exposition [ ] n. 展览会
8. schedule [ ] v. 预定，安排 n. 时间表
9. *launch [ ] v. 发射，发起
10. monitor [ ] v. 监视，监督 n. 班长
*supervise [ ] v. 监视，监督
*oversee [ ] v. 监视，监督
11. *advanced [ ] adj. 先进的，高级的
advantage [ ] n. 有利条件
advance [ ] n. 前进
in advance 提前
12. *extinguish [ ] v. 熄灭
13. *collapse [ ] v. 崩溃
14. *breakdown [ ] n. 损坏，故障
15. fatal [ ] adj. 致命的
deadly [ ] adj. 致命的
16. keep track of 记录
Now scientists believe {that this peak could result in vast solar explosions (that could throw billions of tons of charged matter towards the Earth), [causing strong solar storms (that could jam the telecommunications satellites and internet links sending live Olympic broadcast from London)]}.
［分析］ 自第一个that起至句末都是believe的宾语；that...Earth修饰explosions，causing...London作throw的伴随状语，第二对圆括号之间的that...London修饰storms，其中sending...London修饰links。
［翻译］ 如今，科学家们认为这次高峰期可能导致巨大的太阳爆炸，太阳爆炸将向地球投掷数十亿吨带电物质，从而导致强烈的太阳风暴，这能使远程通信人造卫星和在伦敦直播奥运的互联网发生堵塞。
2012年伦敦奥运会已经有足够多的问题需要担心了，但是又出现了一个新的问题，即由太阳风暴导致的通信中断。
太阳内部在度过一段平静期之后，科学家们发现了一些迹象，太阳黑子活动的一个新的周期可能在2012年达到高峰期，而那时恰好是奥运火炬抵达伦敦之际。
如今，科学家们认为这次高峰期可能导致巨大的太阳爆炸，太阳爆炸将向地球投掷数十亿吨带电物质，从而导致强烈的太阳风暴，这能使远程通信人造卫星和在伦敦直播奥运的互联网发生堵塞。
“太阳活动对地球有强烈的影响。伦敦奥运会可能正好处于下个太阳活动最剧烈的时期，这会影响通信卫星的功能。”牛津郡Rutherford Appleton研究室的太空物理学带头人Richard Harrison教授说。
在每个周期的高峰期，被称为“日冕物质抛射”的猛烈爆炸发生在太阳大气层中，它向外发射大量的带电物质。“一次日冕物质抛射可携带十亿吨太阳物质以超过一百万公里每小时的速度进入太空。这会将宇航员置于死地，使人造卫星瘫痪，导致地球上的电力故障并干扰通信。”Harrison教授补充道。这个风险在太阳活动最剧烈期是最大的，那时太阳黑子的数量最多。
下周，美国国家航空和宇宙航行局计划将发射一颗用于监视太阳活动的卫星，它被称为“太阳动态气象台”，它将获取比世界上现存最先进的电视机清晰10倍的太阳活动的图像。
Rutherford Appleton研究室帮助制作了将用于采集太阳耀斑和发生太阳爆炸的图像的高科技照相机。
研究室主任Richard Holdaway教授说，太阳动态气象台应该能提供大到足够影响人造卫星与地球通信的太阳耀斑或太阳爆炸的早期预警。“如果我们有预先警报，我们将能够减少损失。我们不想看到很多事情被切断达一个星期之久却找不出问题的原因。”他说。
Directions: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.
A. Drug overuse and its consequence
B. The problem of drug overuse in America
C. Benefits of medicine and its wise use
D. Female drug overuse with reference to that of males
E. Misuse of medicine among the young generation
F. Improper use of medicine among senior citizens
76. _____________
Nowadays, millions of people misuse and even overuse pain medications and other drugs. Research by the American National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA, 1999) shows that around 2% of the population over age 12 were using drugs non-medically.
77. _____________
NIDA views medications as a powerful force for good in the contemporary world. They reduce and remove pain for millions of people suffering from illness and disease. They make it possible for doctors to perform complicated surgery to save lives. Many people afflicted by serious medical conditions are able to control their symptoms and become active, contributing citizens. NIDA points out that most individuals who take these drugs use them in a responsible manner.
78. _____________
Nevertheless, overuse of drugs such as opioids, central nervous system (CNS) depressants and stimulants does lead to harmful reliance in some people and is therefore becoming a serious public health concern. Although this abuse affects many people worldwide, particular trends of concern to the medical profession in the US appear among older adults, teenagers and women.
79. _____________
Though it may be a surprise to many, the misuse of medications may be the most common form of drug abuse among the elderly. Dr Kenneth Schmader of Duke University, North Carolina states that although the elderly represent about 13% of the US population, those aged 65 and over account for the consumption of one third of all drugs. People in this age group use medications roughly three times more than the general population and have poorer compliance with instruction for use. In another study of elderly patients admitted to treatment programs, 70% were women who had overused medicines.
80. _____________
Unfortunately, this trend among women does not only affect those aged over 65. In general, among women and men who are using either an anti-anxiety drug or a sedative, women are twice as likely to become addicted. In addition, statistics compiled for 12-17 year olds show that teenage girls are more likely than teenage boys to begin overusing psychotherapeutic medication such as painkillers, tranquillisers, stimulants and sedatives.
1. Though it may be a surprise to many, the misuse of medications may be the most common form of drug _____（滥用）among the elderly. Dr Kenneth Schmader of Duke University, North Carolina _____（声明）that although the elderly represent about 13% of the US population, those aged 65 and over _____（占…比）the consumption of one third of all drugs. People in this age group use medications _____（大概）three times more than the general population and have poorer _____（遵守）with _____（说明）for use. In another study of elderly patients admitted to treatment programs, 70% were women who had overused medicines.
2. Nevertheless, overuse of drugs such as opioids, central nervous system (CNS) depressants and stimulants does lead to harmful reliance in some people and is therefore becoming a serious public health concern. Although this abuse affects many people worldwide, particular trends of concern to the medical profession in the US appear among older adults, teenagers and women.
译： _________________________
1. misuse [ ] v. 滥用
2. abuse [ ] n. 滥用
3. *contemporary [ ] adj. 当代的
*temporary [ ] adj. 暂时的
4. remove [ ] v. 消除
5. *complicated [ ] adj. 复杂的
complex [ ] adj. 复杂的
6. *afflict [ ] v. 折磨
*torture [ ] v. 折磨
7. *symptom [ ] n. 病症
8. consequence [ ] n. 结果
9. reliance [ ] n. 信赖
rely [ ] v. 依靠
reliable [ ] adj. 可靠的
10. concern [ ] n. 关心 v. 涉及
involve [ ] v. 涉及，卷入
11. improper [ ] adj. 不适当的
proper [ ] adj. 适当的
appropriate [ ] adj. 适当的
12. roughly [ ] adv. 大概
13. *compliance [ ] n. 遵守；顺从
*comply [ ] v. 遵守；顺从
14. instruction [ ] n. 说明，指令；教学
15. *compile [ ] v. 汇编，编辑
Dr Kenneth Schmader of Duke University, North Carolina states that although the elderly represent about 13% of the US population, those (aged 65 and over) account for the consumption of one third of all drugs.
［分析］ aged 65 and over修饰those。
［翻译］ 北卡罗来纳州杜克大学的Kenneth Schmader博士表示，虽然老年人在美国人口总数中只占13%，但那些年纪在65岁甚至年过65岁的老人们的用药量构成了药物消耗的三分之一。
76. B. 美国的药物滥用问题
现今，上百万人误用甚至是过多使用止痛药和其他药物。美国国家药物滥用研究院（NIDA，1999）的研究表明，全国12岁以上的人中大约有2%的人一直在使用非处方类的药物。
77. C. 药物的好处以及其广泛的用途
NIDA将药物治疗视为现今世界里给予人们健康的一种强大力量。它们可以减少并去除上百万遭受疾病折磨的人们的痛苦。它们让医生能够执行复杂的手术来解救生命。许多遭受严重疾病折磨的人能够控制自己的病症并转变为有活力的、对社会有贡献的公民。NIDA指出许多服用这些药物的人能够以一种负责任的方式来用药了。
78. A. 药物的过度使用及其后果
然而，过多使用阿片类药物、中枢神经系统（CNS）抑制剂和兴奋剂等确实导致有些人对药物产生有害的依赖性。而由此这也变成了一个严重的公共健康问题。虽然这样的滥用影响了世界各地的人们，但是美国的老年人、青少年以及女性群体对于医疗职业甚是担心。
79. F. 老年人对药物的不合理使用
虽然很多人可能会吃惊，但是药物的误用也许是在老年人中最常见的一种药物滥用的形式。北卡罗来纳州杜克大学的Kenneth Schmader博士表示虽然老年人在美国人口总数中只占13%，但那些年纪在65岁甚至年过65岁的老人们的用药量构成了药物消耗的三分之一。这个年龄段的人们用药量大概比常人多三倍并且很少按药物说明用药。在另一个对于接受药物治疗的老年患者的研究中，70%的滥用药物者是女性。
80. D. 女性过度用药与男性过度用药的关系
不幸的是，女性滥用药物的趋势不仅限于年过65岁的人们。大体上，在用抗焦虑药物或镇静剂的女性和男性群体中，多于男性两倍的女性可能嗜药成瘾。另外，一份有关12-17岁的孩子的研究数据表明，女孩比男孩更有可能过多使用诸如止痛药、安定药、兴奋剂以及镇静剂等心理治疗药物。
Can dogs and cats live in perfect harmony in the same home? People who are thinking about adopting a dog as a friend for their cats are worried that they will fight. A recent research has found a new recipe of success. According to the study, if the cat is adopted before the dog, and if they are introduced when still young (less than 6 months for cats, a year for dogs), it is highly probable that the two pets will get along swimmingly . Two-thirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog.
However, it wasn't all sweetness and light. There was a reported coldness between the cat and dog in 25% of the homes, while aggression and fighting were observed in 10% of the homes. One reason for this is probably that some of their body signals were just opposite. For example, when a cat turns its head away it signals aggression, while a dog doing the same signals submission.
In homes with cats and dogs living peacefully, researchers observed a surprising behavior. They are learning how to talk each other's language. It is a surprise that cats can learn how to talk‘dog’, and dogs can learn how to talk‘cat’.
What's interesting is that both cats and dogs have appeared to develop their intelligence. They can learn how to read each other's body signals, suggesting that the two may have more in common than we previously suspected. Once familiar with each other's presence and body language, cats and dogs can play together, greet each other nose to nose, and enjoy sleeping together on the sofa. They can easily share the same water bowl and in some cases groom（梳理）each other.
The significance of the research on cats and dogs may go beyond pets—to people who don't get along, including neighbors, colleagues at work, and even world superpowers. If cats and dogs can learn to get along, surely people have a good chance.
31. The underlined word“swimmingly”in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. early
B. sweetly
C. quickly
D. smoothly
32. Some cats and dogs may fight when ______.
A. they are cold to each other
B. they look away from each other
C. they misunderstood each other's signals
D. they are introduced at an early age
33. What is found surprising about cats and dogs?
A. They eat and sleep together.
B. They observe each other's behaviors.
C. They learn to speak each other's language.
D. They know something from each other's voices.
34. It is suggested in Paragraph 4 that cats and dogs ______.
A. have common interests
B. are less different than was thought
C. have a common body language
D. are less intelligent than was expected
35. What can we human beings learn from cats and dogs?
A. We should learn to live in harmony.
B. We should know more about animals.
C. We should live in peace with animals.
D. We should learn more body languages.
1. Can dogs and cats live in perfect _____（和谐）in the same home? People who are thinking about _____（收养）a dog as a friend for their cats are worried that they will fight. A _____（最近的）research has found a new _____（诀窍）of success. According to the study, if the cat is adopted before the dog, and if they are _____（介绍）when still young (less than 6 months for cats, a year for dogs), it is highly _____（可能的）that the two pets will get along swimmingly. Two-thirds of the homes _____（被采访）reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog.
2. What's interesting is that both cats and dogs have appeared to develop their intelligence. They can learn how to read each other's body signals, suggesting that the two may have more in common than we previously suspected. Once familiar with each other's presence and body language, cats and dogs can play together, greet each other nose to nose, and enjoy sleeping together on the sofa. They can easily share the same water bowl and in some cases groom each other.
译： _________________________
1. harmony [ ] n. 和谐
*concord [ ] n. 和谐
2. *recipe [ ] n. 秘诀，诀窍；食谱
3. *swimmingly [ ] adv. 顺利地
*smoothly [ ] adv. 顺利地；平滑地
4. *aggression [ ] n. 侵略
*aggressive [ ] adj . 侵略的；上进的
5. observe [ ] v . 观察；遵守
6. *submission [ ] n. 服从，屈服
7. *previously [ ] adv . 先前地
previous [ ] adj. 先前的
8. presence [ ] n. 风度，仪态 ；出席
absence [ ] n. 缺席，缺乏
9. significance [ ] n. 重要性，意义
猫与狗能不能在一个屋子里非常和谐地共处？那些打算养一条狗来与他们的猫做朋友的人很担心它们会打起来。近期的一项调查发现了一个成功使猫狗共处的秘诀。根据研究，如果猫在狗之前被领养，并且二者在很小的时候被介绍认识（对猫而言是小于六个月，对狗而言是一岁），那么它们很可能会顺利地友好相处。有三分之二被采访的家庭都表示猫狗之间的关系很不错。
然而，事实并不都那么轻松愉快。25%的受访家庭表示猫与狗之间很冷漠，同时有10%的家庭曾观察到猫狗相互侵犯打斗。一个原因是它们的一些身体信号可能正好相反。比如，当猫把脸转过去，那么它标志着侵犯；而当狗做出同样的动作时，它标志着服从。
在猫狗和平相处的家庭里，研究人员观察到一个令人惊讶的行为。它们开始学习如何去说对方的语言。猫和狗能够学会彼此的话语，这很令人诧异。
有趣的是猫和狗的智力似乎都有所提高。它们会学习如何去阅读对方的身体信号，这表明它们之间有着许多共同点，这比我们先前所猜想的还要多。一旦熟悉了对方的姿态与身体语言，猫与狗便会一起玩耍，用鼻尖相互触碰的方式打招呼并且享受一起睡在沙发上的时光。它们会很容易分享同一个水碗，并且有时候互相梳理对方的毛发。
这项针对猫和狗的调查的意义要远远超越宠物的范畴，对那些无法友好相处的人也是如此，这些人包括邻居、同事，甚至是世界上的超级强权。如果猫与狗能学会友好相处，那么人类当然也可以。
Howling is a behavior commonly observed among a wolf pack. As pack animals, wolves work together to hunt and rely on howling as an important means of communication among each other. There are different explanations of a wolf's howl and it appears that there may be more to discover.
One theory is that wolves howl to bond better together. It's almost as if howling together helps the pack stay together. Perhaps something similar to people feeling a sense of involvement with each other when singing a song together. But this theory may be wrong, explains Fred H. Harrington, a professor who studies wolf behavior.
Indeed, there have been times when wolves have been seen one moment howling in a chorus, and the next, quarreling among each other. It appears that usually the lowest-ranking members of the pack may actually be“punished”for joining in the chorus at times. So is howling a way to strengthen a social bond or just a way to reconfirm status among its members? —Why do wolves howl for sure?
What is clear, however, is that howling is often used among packmates to locate each other. Hunting grounds are distant and it happens that wolves may separate from one another at times. When this happens, howling appears to be an excellent means of gathering.
Howling, interestingly, is a contagious behavior. When one wolf starts to howl, very likely others will follow. This is often seen to occur in the morning, as if wolves were doing some sort of“roll call”where wolves all howl together to report their presence.
55. What is the possible similarity between wolves' howling together and human's singing in chorus?
A. The act of calling each other.
B. The sense of accomplishment.
C. The act of hunting for something.
D. The sense of belonging to a group.
56. Why does Harrington think the“social bond”theory may be wrong?
A. Wolves separate from each other after howling.
B. Wolves tend to protect their hunting grounds.
C. Wolves sometimes have quarrels after howling together.
D. Wolves of low rank are encouraged to join in the chorus.
57. Researchers are sure that wolves often howl to ______.
A. show their ranks
B. find their companions
C. report the missing ones
D. express their loneliness
58. “Howling... is a contagious behavior”(in the last paragraph) means ______.
A. howling is a signal for hunting
B. howling is a way of communication
C. howling often occurs in the morning
D. howling spreads from one to another
1. One _____（理论）is that wolves howl to _____（联系）better together. It's almost as if howling together helps the _____（一群）stay together. Perhaps something similar to people feeling a sense of _____（参与）with each other when singing a song together. But this theory may be wrong, explains Fred H. Harrington, a professor who studies wolf behaviour.
2. Indeed, there have been times when wolves have been seen one moment howling in a chorus, and the next, quarreling among each other. It appears that usually the lowest-ranking members of the pack may actually be“punished”for joining in the chorus at times. So is howling a way to strengthen a social bond or just a way to reconfirm status among its members? —Why do wolves howl for sure?
译： _________________________
1. observe [ ] n. 观察 v. 遵循
2. pack [ ] n. 一群；包装
package [ ] n. 包裹，行李
baggage [ ] n. 行李
3. bond [ ] n./v. 联系
4. means [ ] n. 方式
manner [ ] n. 方式
approach [ ] n. 方法
5. *involvement [ ] n. 涉及；参与
contain [ ] v. 包含
6. strengthen [ ] v. 加强
weaken [ ] v. 使…变弱
*reinforce [ ] v. 加固；加强
7. reconfirm [ ] v. 再确认
8. status [ ] n. 地位
9. *contagious [ ] adj. 传染的
*infectious [ ] adj. 传染的
10. presence [ ] n. 出席
presentation [ ] n. 展示
present [ ] adj. 现在的；在场的 [ ] v. 出席；呈现；提交
11. *accomplishment [ ] n. 成就
achievement [ ] n. 成就
嚎叫在狼群中是一种常见的行为。作为群居动物，狼都是一起去捕捉猎物并且依靠嚎叫作为彼此间重要的一种交流方式。有关狼嚎有很多种不同的解释，似乎还会有更多的解释等待我们去发现。
有一种理论说狼通过嚎叫加强彼此间的联系。好像一起嚎叫可以让群体之间更加亲密。这可能和人们合唱一首歌时彼此感受到的参与感是一样的。但是，研究狼行为的Fred H. Harrington教授说这样的理论也有可能是错的。
确实，我们有时可以看到，狼群前一刻还在一起嚎叫，然后过会儿，它们又争吵起来。好像狼群中最低级的成员有时会因为参与了集体嚎叫而被“惩罚”。那么，狼嚎是一种加强社交联系的方式，还是一种在群体中确认自己地位的方式呢？——狼究竟为何嚎叫呢？
然而，很明显的一点是，嚎叫经常被狼群用来确定彼此所在的位置。捕猎场地离得很远，而且有时狼可能会彼此分散。当这种情况发生时，嚎叫就是一个很好的集合方式。
有趣的是，嚎叫是一种传染性行为。当一只狼开始嚎叫时，其他的狼也很可能会跟着嚎叫。这经常发生在早晨，好像狼群在做一种类似“点名”的事，这时狼群一起嚎叫来示意它们的存在。
Do you know how it is when you see someone yawn and you start yawning too? Or how hard it is to be among people laughing and not laugh yourself? Well, apparently it's because we have mirror neurons（神经元）in our brains.
Put simply, the existence of mirror neurons suggests that every time we see someone else do something, our brains imitate（模仿）it, whether or not we actually perform the same action. This explains a great deal about how we learn to smile, talk, walk, dance or play sports. But the idea goes further: mirror neurons not only appear to explain physical actions, they also tell us that there is a biological basis for the way we understand other people.
Mirror neurons can undoubtedly be found all over our brains, but especially in the areas which relate to our ability to use languages, and to understand how other people feel. Researchers have found that mirror neurons relate strongly to language. A group of researchers discovered that if they gave people sentences to listen to (for example:“The hand took hold of the ball”), the same mirror neurons were triggered as when the action was actually performed (in this example, actually taking hold of a ball).
Any problems with mirror neurons may well result in problems with behavior. Much research suggests that people with social and behavioral problems have mirror neurons which are not fully functioning. However, it is not yet known exactly how these discoveries might help find treatments for social disorders.
Research into mirror neurons seems to provide us with ever more information concerning how humans behave and interact（互动）. Indeed, it may turn out to be the equivalent（相等物）for neuroscience of what Einstein's theory of relativity was for physics. And the next time you feel the urge to cough in the cinema when someone else does—well, perhaps you'll understand why.
67. Mirror neurons can explain ______.
A. why we cry when we are hurt
B. why we cough when we suffer from a cold
C. why we smile when we see someone else smile
D. why we yawn when we see someone else stay up late
68. The underlined word“triggered”in the third paragraph probably means“______”.
A. set off
B. cut off
C. built up
D. broken up
69. We can learn from the passage that mirror neurons ______.
A. relate to human behavior and interaction
B. control human physical actions and feelings
C. result in bad behavior and social disorders
D. determine our knowledge and language abilities
70. What is the passage mainly about?
A. Ways to find mirror neurons.
B. Problems of mirror neurons.
C. Existence of mirror neurons.
D. Functions of mirror neurons.
_____（简单来说）, the _____（存在）of mirror neurons suggests that every time we see someone else do something, our brains _____（模仿）it, whether or not we actually perform the same action. This explains _____（大量）about how we learn to smile, talk, walk, dance or play sports. But the idea goes further: mirror neurons not only _____（看起来）explain physical actions, they also tell us that there is a _____（生理基础）for the way we understand other people.
1. *yawn [ ] v. 打哈欠 n. 哈欠
2. apparently [ ] adv .（表面上）明显地
obviously [ ] adv. 明显地
evidently [ ] adv. 明显地
3. put [ ] v. 表达，说
4. *imitate [ ] v. 模仿
*mimic [ ] v. 模仿
5. appear to 看起来，似乎
6. take hold of 握住，抓住
*grab [ ] v. 抓住
7. *trigger [ ] v. 使发生；触发
set off v. 引起；出发
8. function [ ] v. 起作用 n. 功能，作用
9. *disorder [ ] n. 混乱
10. concern [ ] v. 涉及 n. 关心，忧虑
concerned [ ] adj. 担心的
11. *interact [ ] v. 相互作用，互动
*interaction [ ] n. 相互作用，互动
12. urge [ ] n. 冲动，强烈愿望 v. 催促
urgent [ ] adj. 紧急的，急迫的
Indeed, it may turn out to be the equivalent for neuroscience of (what Einstein's theory of relativity was for physics).
［分析］ what...physics是of的宾语。
［翻译］ 事实上，它对于神经科学的重要性相当于爱因斯坦的相对论对于物理学的意义。
当你看到别人打哈欠，你也开始打时，你知道这是怎么回事吗？或者，在一群大笑的人中间，你自己憋着不笑到底有多难？很明显，这是因为我们大脑里有镜像神经元。
简单来说，镜像神经元的存在表明每次我们见到其他人做某件事情的时候，我们的大脑就会模仿它，不管我们是否真的做同样的动作。这个能解释很多关于我们如何学会笑、说话、走路、跳舞或者运动的疑问。但是这个理念不仅限于此：镜像神经元似乎不仅能解释肢体行为，还能告诉我们，我们理解其他人的方式是有生物学依据的。
毫无疑问，镜像神经元能在我们大脑的任何区域被发现，特别是在那些与我们使用语言的能力和理解其他人感受相关的区域。研究者已经发现镜像神经元与语言有很紧密的联系。一组研究者发现如果他们给人们一些句子去听（比如：“手抓着球”），当该行为被执行时，相同的镜像神经元被触发（在这个例子里就是——拿着球）。
任何与镜像神经元相关的问题都可能导致行为上的问题。许多研究表明社交和行为有问题的人，其镜像神经元并未完全运作。但是，目前还不清楚的是，这些研究如何能帮助我们发现社交紊乱的治疗方案。
对于镜像神经元的研究似乎提供给我们更多关于人类如何表现与互动的信息。事实上，它对于神经科学的重要性相当于爱因斯坦的相对论对于物理学的意义。下一次在电影院里当别人咳嗽，你也迫切想咳嗽的时候——可能你就会理解为何会出现这种情况了。
68. 答案： A
解析： 易错选项为C。前文已经说过“神经元存在于大脑中任何区域”，因此不会被“建立”（C项）。A项set off有“触发，激起”的意思，故选A。
Researchers in the psychology department at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) have discovered a major difference in the way men and women respond to stress. This difference may explain why men are more likely to suffer from stress-related disorders.
Until now, psychological research has maintained that both men and women have the same“fight-or-flight”reaction to stress. In other words, individuals either react with aggressive behavior, such as verbal or physical conflict (“fight”), or they react by withdrawing from the stressful situation (“flight”). However, the UCLA research team found that men and women have quite different biological and behavioral responses to stress. While men often react to stress in the fight-or-flight response, women often have another kind of reaction which could be called“tend and befriend.”That is, they often react to stressful conditions by protecting and nurturing their young (“tend”), and by looking for social contact and support from others—especially other females (“befriend”).
Scientists have long known that in the fight-or-flight reaction to stress, an important role is played by certain hormones（激素）released by the body. The UCLA research team suggests that the female tend-or-befriend response is also based on a hormone. This hormone, called oxytocin , has been studied in the context of childbirth, but now it is being studied for its role in the response of both men and women to stress. The principal investigator, Dr. Shelley E. Taylor, explained that“animals and people with high levels of oxytocin are calmer, more relaxed, more social, and less anxious.”While men also secrete（分泌）oxytocin, its effects are reduced by male hormones.
In terms of everyday behavior, the UCLA study found that women are far more likely than men to seek social contact when they are feeling stressed. They may phone relatives or friends, or ask directions if they are lost.
The study also showed how fathers and mothers responded differently when they came home to their family after a stressful day at work. The typical father wanted to be left alone to enjoy some peace and quiet. For a typical mother, coping with a bad day at work meant focusing her attention on her children and their needs.
The differences in responding to stress may explain the fact that women have lower frequency of stress-related disorders such as high blood pressure or aggressive behavior. The tend-and-befriend regulatory（调节的）system may protect women against stress, and this may explain why women on average live longer than men.
72. The UCLA study shows that in response to stress, men are more likely than women to ______.
A. turn to friends for help
B. solve a conflict calmly
C. find an escape from reality
D. seek comfort from children
73. Which of the following is true about oxytocin according to the passage?
A. Men have the same level of oxytocin as women do.
B. Oxytocin used to be studied in both men and women.
C. Both animals and people have high levels of oxytocin.
D. Oxytocin has more of an effect on women than on men.
74. What can be learned from the passage?
A. Male hormones help build up the body's resistance to stress.
B. In a family a mother cares more about children than a father does.
C. Biological differences lead to different behavioral responses to stress.
D. The UCLA study was designed to confirm previous research findings.
75. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A. How men and women get over stress
B. How men and women suffer from stress
C. How researchers overcome stress problems
D. How researchers handle stress-related disorders
1. Until now, psychological research has _____（坚持）that both men and women have the same“fight-or-flight”_____（对压力的反应）. In other words, individuals either react with _____（侵略的行为）, such as verbal or physical conflict (“fight”), or they react by _____（退出有压力的环境）(“flight”). However, the UCLA research team found that men and women have quite different _____（生理的和行为的）responses to stress. While men often react to stress in the fight-or-flight response, women often have another kind of reaction which could be called“tend and befriend.”That is, they often react to stressful conditions by protecting and _____（照顾）their young (“tend”), and by looking for social contact and support from others—especially other females (“befriend”).
2. The differences in responding to stress may explain the fact that women have lower _____（频率）of stress-related _____（疾病）such as high blood pressure or _____（攻击性的）behavior. The tend-and-befriend _____（调节的）system may protect women against stress, and this may explain why women on average live longer than men.
1. *psychology [ ] n. 心理学
*psychologist [ ] n. 心理学家
2. *disorder [ ] n. 疾病； 混乱
mess [ ] n. 混乱
chaos [ ] n. 混乱
3. maintain [ ] v. 坚持
*sustain [ ] v. 维持
4. flight [ ] n. 逃走； 航班
5. *aggressive [ ] adj. 侵略的；上进的
6. *verbal [ ] adj. 口头的
7. withdraw [ ] v. 撤退；取款
8. tend [ ] v. 照料 ；趋向
9. *nurture [ ] v. 照顾；扶持
10. *principal [ ] adj. 主要的
principle [ ] n. 原则
chief [ ] adj. 首要的
vital [ ] adj. 重要的
primary [ ] adj. 首要的
11. in terms of 在…方面
12. typical [ ] adj. 典型的
13. frequency [ ] n. 频率
frequent [ ] adj. 频繁的 [ ] v. 常到，常去
14. *resistance [ ] n. 抵触，反对
*resistant [ ] adj. 抵触的
15. confirm [ ] v. 证实，确定
16. get over v. 克服
overcome [ ] v. 克服
加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校（UCLA）心理学系的研究者发现了男性和女性应对压力的方式的主要区别。这个区别也许能够解释为何男性更有可能患上与压力有关的疾病。
到目前为止，心理学研究认为，男性和女性对压力有着相同的“战斗或逃走”反应。换句话说，人们会选择过激的行为来回应，如口头或者肢体冲突（即“战斗”），或者选择逃离紧张的环境（即“逃走”）。但是，UCLA研究团队发现，面对压力时，男性和女性在生理和行为上有着非常不同的反应。男性通常会以“战斗或逃走”的方式来回应压力，而女性则通常以另外一种可以称为“照料和帮助”的方式进行回应。也就是说，通常她们应对压力的方式是：保护和照顾她们的孩子（即“照料”）以及从其他人——尤其是其他女性那里寻求社会联系和支持（即“帮助”）。
科学家早就知道，在应对压力的“战斗或逃走”反应中，身体释放的某些激素起到了重要作用。UCLA研究团队认为，女性的“照料和帮助”反应也同样基于一种激素。这种激素被称为催产素，已经在分娩领域得到研究，而现在人们正在研究它在男性和女性应对压力过程中的作用。主要的研究者Shelley E. Taylor博士解释说：“拥有高水平催产素的动物和人类更冷静、更放松、更合群并且不那么紧张。”虽然男性也分泌催产素，但是它的作用会受雄性激素的影响而有所降低。
在日常行为方面，UCLA研究发现，当感觉到压力时，女性比男性更有可能去寻找社会联系。她们也许会打电话给亲戚朋友，或者在她们迷惑时寻求指导。
这项研究也展示了当父亲和母亲结束一天紧张的工作之后回到家中的反应是如何地不同。父亲的典型做法是想要单独待着，享受安静的时光。而对于一个典型的母亲来说，在工作中应对糟糕的一天意味着将她们的注意力集中在孩子和孩子的需求上。
这些应对压力的差异也许可以解释这一现象：女性患上与压力有关的疾病（如高血压或行为过激）的几率较低。这种可调节的“照料和帮助”系统会保护女性免受压力，并能解释为何女性的平均寿命比男性长。
Fear may be felt in the heart as well as in the head, according to a study that has found a link between the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear.
Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at the moment when their hearts are contracting（收缩）and pumping blood around their bodies, compared with the point when the heartbeat is relaxed. Scientists say the results suggest that the heart is able to influence how the brain responds to a fearful event, depending on which point it is at in its regular cycle of contraction and relaxation.
Sarah Garfinkel at the Brighton and Sussex Medical School said:“Our study shows for the first time that the way in which we deal with fear is different depending on when we see fearful pictures in relation to our heart.”
The study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearful faces. Dr Garfinkel said,“The study showed that fearful faces are better noticed when the heart is pumping than when it is relaxed. Thus our hearts can also affect what we see and what we don't see—and guide whether we see fear.”
To further understand this relationship, the scientists also used a brain scanner（扫描仪）to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a person's feeling of fear.“We have found an important mechanism by which the heart and brain‘speak’to each other to change our feelings and reduce fear,”Dr Garfinkel said.
“We hope that by increasing our understanding about how fear is dealt with and ways that it could be reduced, we may be able to develop more successful treatments for anxiety disorders, and also for those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder.”
47. What is the finding of the study?
A. One's heart affects how he feels fear.
B. Fear is a result of one's relaxed heartbeat.
C. Fear has something to do with one's health.
D. One's fast heartbeats are likely to cause fear.
48. The study was carried out by analyzing ______.
A. volunteers' heartbeats when they saw terrible pictures
B. the time volunteers saw fearful pictures and their health conditions
C. volunteers' reactions to horrible pictures and data from their brain scans
D. different pictures shown to volunteers and their heart-brain communication
49. Which of the following is closest in meaning to“mechanism”in Paragraph 6?
A. Order.
B. System.
C. Machine.
D. Treatment.
50. This study may contribute to ______.
A. treating anxiety and stress better
B. explaining the cycle of fear and anxiety
C. finding the key to the heart-brain communication
D. understanding different fears in our hearts and heads
1. “We hope that by increasing our understanding about how fear is _____（被处理）and ways that it could be _____（减少）, we may be able to _____（研发）more successful _____（疗法）for _____（焦虑）disorders, and also for those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder.”
2. Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at the moment when their hearts are contracting and pumping blood around their bodies, compared with the point when the heartbeat is relaxed. Scientists say the results suggest that the heart is able to influence how the brain responds to a fearful event, depending on which point it is at in its regular cycle of contraction and relaxation.
译： _________________________
1. pump [ ] v. 抽，泵
2. *contraction [ ] n. 收缩
3. fearful [ ] adj. 恐惧的，害怕的
4. *reaction [ ] n. 反应（to）
response to 对…的反应
5. scanner [ ] n. 扫描仪
scan [ ] n. 扫描
6. disorder [ ] n. 紊乱，疾病
Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at the moment (when their hearts are contracting and pumping blood around their bodies), compared with the point (when the heartbeat is relaxed).
［分析］ that属于宾语从句；when...bodies和when...relaxed都属于定语从句；compared with属于条件状语。
［翻译］ 对身体健康的志愿者进行的测试发现：与心脏放松时相比，心脏收缩并且把血液输送到全身时，志愿者更有可能感到恐惧。
一项调查发现心脏及大脑都能感觉到恐惧，因为心脏跳动的周期和人们感到恐惧的可能性是有联系的。
对身体健康的志愿者进行的测试发现：与心脏放松时相比，当心脏收缩并且把血液输送到全身时，志愿者更有可能感到恐惧。科学家认为，该结果表明心脏能够影响大脑对可怕的事件做出的反应，即大脑的反应取决于心脏处于有规律的跳动周期的哪个阶段，是收缩时还是放松时。
布莱顿和萨塞克斯医学院的Sarah Garfinkel说：“我们的研究第一次表明人们对于可怕事件的反应之所以不同，取决于当我们看到恐怖的情景时心脏正处于哪一时期。”
这项研究测试了20名身体健康的志愿者看到带有恐怖面孔的图片时的反应。Garfinkel博士说：“这项研究表明，人们在心脏收缩时会比心脏放松时更容易注意到那些令人恐惧的面孔。因此，我们的心脏可以影响我们能看到什么和看不到什么——并且控制我们是否能看到令人恐惧的事物。”
为了进一步理解这种（心脏和恐惧感之间的）关系，科学家还使用了大脑扫描仪来呈现大脑如何影响心脏从而改变人的恐惧感。Garfinkel博士说：“我们已经发现了一种重要的机制，通过这种机制，大脑和心脏进可以互相‘交流’，从而改变我们的感觉，并减少恐惧感。”
“我们希望通过增加对如何应对恐惧和减轻恐惧的认识，研制出更多有效治疗焦虑症和严重应激障碍的方法。”